It is the same approach that has been used for decades in the vaccines for influenza, hepatitis B and HPV. It also includes an adjuvant, which is a substance that boosts the level of immune response. The Novavax vaccine uses a protein - in this case, a harmless piece of the COVID-19 spike protein - to alert your immune system to recognize and fight back against the real COVID-19 virus. Learn more about how the Johnson & Johnson vaccine works. Some vaccines recently used for Ebola outbreaks have used viral vector technology, and studies have focused on viral vector vaccines against other infectious diseases such as Zika, influenza and HIV. Scientists began creating viral vectors in the 1970s, and they have been studied for gene therapy and cancer treatment. However, the adenovirus was modified so it can enter cells but can’t replicate or cause illness. In the case of the COVID-19 case, it’s the adenovirus, a common virus that causes colds or flu-like symptoms.
#Possible side effects of covid vaccine fda how to
Viral vector vaccines use a modified version of a different virus (the vector) to deliver instructions that teach cells how to fight the coronavirus infection. Learn more about how mRNA vaccines work.Īdenovector vaccines. Beyond vaccines, cancer research has used mRNA to trigger the immune system to target specific cancer cells. mRNA vaccines have been studied before for influenza, Zika and rabies. Researchers have been studying and working with mRNA vaccines for decades.
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The vaccines made by Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech use messenger RNA, or mRNA, to deliver a message to your immune system with instructions on how to fight the coronavirus infection. COVID-19 vaccine technologies have been studied for years and used in other treatments without issue. This history goes back to at least the 1960s with the oral polio vaccine and examples continue through today.īecause of this, scientists and public health officials continually monitor vaccine data before, during and after a vaccine becomes available to the public.
When new vaccines are released, the unknown side effects, if any, show up within two months of vaccination. This is how the system is designed to work if unexpected side effects emerge. Upon reviewing information about the cases, federal health officials determined that the benefits of the vaccine outweighed the risk, and they approved resumed use of the vaccine. All of the cases emerged within two weeks of vaccination. The vaccine was put on pause when health officials learned that a small number of people who received the vaccine experienced a serious blood clotting problem.Ībout 7.4 million Americans had received the Johnson & Johnson vaccine when regulators paused its administration to investigate a handful of cases in which people had blood clots.
The most recent example of this phenomenon is the Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine. History tells us that severe side effects are extremely rare, and if they do occur, they usually happen within the first two months. One of the reasons some people haven’t signed up to receive the COVID-19 vaccine is that they’re worried there might be unknown side effects that will show up months or years later.Īlthough it’s true there are still a lot of things we’re learning about the vaccines - like how effective they are against variants and how long their protection lasts - there are plenty of things we do know that give experts confidence in the long-term safety of the vaccines.
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